3 troubling ways the TSA punishes passengers who opt out

Africa Studio/Shutterstock
Africa Studio/Shutterstock
If you don’t want to walk through a poorly tested full-body scanner or have a TSA agent belittle your anatomy before your next flight, then you still have the right to opt out and submit to an “enhanced” pat-down.

That’s exactly what I did on a recent trip from Orlando to Atlanta. Actually, I do it every time I fly.

But as I waited for a male agent — who would ask me to spread my legs, would touch my torso, rub the inside of my legs, and feel the back of my neck and arms — I began to understand what the TSA really means when it says it’s focusing its efforts on “intelligence-driven, risk-based screening procedures.”

It means that when we’re screened at the airport, we’re separate, but we’re not equal.

A new passenger underclass

The TSA likes to talk about the “haves” — the elite-level frequent fliers, the soldiers in uniform, the crewmembers, who can now almost always bypass the scanners, the shoe-removal, and the pat-downs, and get to the gate quickly. It’s received a lot of positive coverage from an unskeptical mainstream media about those programs.

But it doesn’t really say much about the “have-nots” — the passengers with medical conditions and implants that set off the magnetometers, the folks who don’t fly frequently enough to be part of the Pre-Check club, and yeah, the opt-outs.

Actually, opt-outs are arguably the biggest segment of the new passenger underclass. The TSA doesn’t release statistics on air travelers who refuse a full-body scan, but anecdotal evidence suggests their numbers are large and growing.

Let’s take a closer look at how the TSA treats opt-outs as second class citizens.

Intimidation. As I waited for my TSA screener in Orlando, I noticed an attractive young woman standing next to me. “Opting out?” I asked her. She nodded. I made eye contact with her, which is when I saw a look that can be best described as raw terror. It is the anticipation of what may come next, whether it’s a botched pat-down that violates your human dignity or a public humiliation, that stokes those fears. I admit, I experience similar misgivings every time I tell an agent that I’d rather not go through the scanner. My only consolation is that if something goes wrong, I can write about it.

Harassment. As it turns out, our fears are somewhat justified. Last week, I heard from Maura Maia, a flight attendant for a major airline, who says that while she enjoys breezing through the crewmember line when she’s in uniform, the treatment is vastly different when she’s off the clock. She recently flew in civilian clothes and opted out. “The TSA agent started yelling at me when I said I wasn’t going into the full-body scan,” she says. Maia stood her ground, but says “I was humiliated in public.” She adds, “When I came back to the same airport, that time on my uniform, and tried to file a complaint with the TSA supervisor, he waved me away.” The TSA can’t force you through the scanners, but it will try. Yelling at passengers is unacceptable.

Retaliatory wait time. That’s a term believed to be widely used within the TSA, and it means exactly what it says. If you opt out, you could be forced to wait — and possibly miss your flight. But it’s not just the length of the wait, it’s also the place. Passengers are sometimes herded to a secure holding area, which functions like a penalty box in a hockey game. You can see who is in it, and by being in it, you’re assumed to have done something wrong. It’s embarrassing, and the TSA agents keeping you in the box know it. Of course, some would argue that the “enhanced” pat-down is also retaliatory, and in the hands of some screeners, it certainly can be.

But why is this happening? For TSA agents, opt-outs are a pain. They have to explain the pat-down procedure, put on a pair of blue latex gloves, get moved from their duty station, and, worst of all, there’s a pretty good chance the traveler will object to the manual screening in some way. When that happens, a supervisor must be summoned and possibly the airport police, since TSA agents have no law enforcement authority. It can get really messy.

For the TSA as an institution, opt-outs are an easily identifiable group of contrarians who do inconvenient things like vote for candidates who push for more agency oversight, write to their congressional representative when they fail to hold the TSA accountable for its failures, and demand common-sense security instead of the circus we still have today, more than a decade after the 9/11 attacks. Punishing these passengers makes sense on an institutional level, so it’s no surprise that supervisors would look the other way while agents threaten, intimidate, and humiliate the opt-outs, if not encourage it.

The false choice between a dangerous scan and an invasive pat-down must end, and the sooner it happens, the better.

In the meantime, here’s an idea: Why not give anyone who opts-out the same treatment as the folks with Pre-Check clearance? Why not just send them through the metal detector, allowing them to keep their shoes and jackets on?

No self-respecting terrorist would ever ask for a pat-down instead of walking through the easily foiled body scanners.

The opt-outs present no meaningful threat to airport security. The TSA should screen them with the pre-checks and pilots instead of penalizing them for doing what every passenger should be doing in the first place.

Is the TSA discriminating against opt-outs?

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  • Saul B

    Thank goodness the daily plane bombings that happened before the TSA started feeling passengers up and virtually strip-searching them have ended.

    Phew, what an awful eight years for this country.

  • Extra mail

    Classic “if it hasn’t happened to me, then the problem doesn’t need fixing.” And, that’s how we turn into sheep!

  • LeeAnneClark

    Riiiight…so my elderly, disabled mother can drive 2000 miles across country to visit me. Uh huh.

    Yep, THIS is why the TSA continues to mete out its abuse. Because so many Americans happily let them…and even thank them for it.

  • LeeAnneClark

    And all the baby bombs! Remember all those? All those poopy diapers filled with explosives? I’m SO glad the TSA now molests our babies, to make sure they’re not carrying all those horrible poop bombs that killed so many people.

    And the old lady bombs! Yeah, there were so many feeble old ladies carrying bombs in their Depends before the TSA stopped them.

    And of course the boob bombs! All those attractive young females who carried bombs in their bras, before the TSA started feeling them up and putting a stop to that.

    Yes, I’m so thankful for the TSA! Keeping us safe one molestation at a time.

  • crash025

    The major issue [the 'remediation' without explaination] I complained when I got to my connecting airport. I had a generic apology from the head of the tsa group at CLT within 36 hours.

    The minor one… I ticked the guy off. I stood near where he wanted me to sit. Then when he came back and demanded I sit down I looked at him funny, sat down and a minute later he asked for me to come get a pat down. It was hilarious.

    Really, most of these guys, unless they’re disabled, hate doing this and are homophobic. This is a benefit for me. :) They hate doing it, and opting out makes them miserable. As long as you don’t give them [a justifiable reason to screw with you they can’t screw with you. Their supervision is within 20m.

    In their attempt to stop you from getting an opt out they’ll try to tell you about the safety of the machine, or how its “good” about privacy (bullshit). I just repsond with the Hamburg study about the false positive and that I would prefer to go to the opt out instead.

    LeeAnneClark The problem isn’t with flying too little.. the problem is that you don’t fly enough. The more you go for the opt outs, the more they hate you.

    I have had a patdown by the same guy that I complained about the next monday. He was grumpy as hell the next week. I was VERY amused.

  • crash025

    I’d agree with the officer bit. Just find ways to screw with them.

  • Harry

    in a 7-day period ending September 20, TSA screening caught the following items at US airports: “47 guns (38 of them loaded, including six with rounds in their chambers), three inert hand grenades, supplies of black powder, hunting knives, timing fuses and a sword”. That was ONE week. The New York Times, September 28, 2012

  • Saul B

    http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=57UzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=oTIHAAAAIBAJ&pg=4844,6538112

    1,448 firearms confiscated in the first half of 1985. That’s over 50 per week.

    Were those guns — in 1985 and 2012 — found by passengers removing their shoes or by virtual strip search machines or by friskings? Nope, they were found by metal detectors and bag x-rays.

    So, Harry, what’s your point? These guns would have been equally found in 1985 checkpoints.

  • http://twitter.com/johntbaker John Baker

    From the TSA Blog for just last week …

    Also …

    Items in the Strangest Places –It’s important to check your bags prior to traveling. If a prohibited item is discovered in your bag, you could be cited and possibly arrested by local law enforcement. Here are a few examples from this week where prohibited items were found in strange places.

    A knife was discovered in a bag at Dulles (IAD). It had been sewn into the lining.

    A bladed multi-tool was discovered concealed in a package of socks at Albuquerque (ABQ).

    A knife was discovered at Burbank (BUR) concealed underneath the lining of a bag between the handle and wheels.

    A belt buckle knife was discovered at San Francisco (SFO).

  • Saul B

    John, how were those items found again? Yep, you got it: metal detectors and baggage x-rays.

    So what’s your point?

    And as an aside, do you sincerely think a passenger with a blade will ever again commandeer a plane? Just look at what happened to that unruly Icelandair passenger the other day.

  • http://twitter.com/johntbaker John Baker

    I don’t know how those were found… How do you know? I you suffer through Blogger Bob long enough to look back… They find intentionally concealed weapons almost every week.

  • Harry

    Good point Saul. On the other hand, the average nut job is not going to board a plane with plastic explosives strapped to his body ( or to her baby ), that is something we will likely see from someone with the will and the wherewithall to kill another 2,000 Americans. That’s my view and is, apparently, a view shared by others. We will not agree, but this is a wonderful country- we do not have to agree, do we? See you in line Saul.

  • http://twitter.com/johntbaker John Baker

    Didn’t take long to find a weapon that only a scanner could have found:

    From the week prior to Dec 7.

    A razorblade was detected in a sock at Newark (EWR).

  • Saul B

    Because Bob used to crow weekly about the body scanner finds.

    http://blog.tsa.gov/2012/06/stunningly-smart-disguise.html

    Every one of those blades would have been found without friskings and shoe removal and virtual strip searches.

    And again, suppose a small blade did make it through: do you believe a passenger will ever again take over a plane with a blade?

  • http://twitter.com/DutchessPDX Dutchess

    While I don’t travel as often as I did before I still opt-out every time I go through security. I’ve never once felt harassed or molested or violated by a TSA agent during a pat down.

    I’ve always politely said, “I would like to opt-out, please.” and I’ve never been treated poorly by the person screening me. I did have one TSA agent say “You aren’t very observant. They’re calibrating the back-scatter machine so you would have only gone through the magnotrometer but you said opt-out so now you have to be patted down.” I just smiled and said “Thanks!” (I was tempted to say “Oh, I don’t mind I rather enjoy the pat down.” but abstained for obvious reasons.)

    I’m not a female, perhaps their experiences are different but I’m just not that bothered by it and I’ve never felt targeted as a result.

  • Saul B

    Oooohhhhh. Think of the casualties if that razor blade had been used to saw through the cockpit door.

    Or perhaps think about all of the other permitted items that could be easily fashioned into a razor-sharp blade (DVD, glass from a lens, aluminum soda can, …).

  • Saul B

    >> See you in line

    You mean the TSA line that often has more (unscreened) people packed together than on a single plane, and that would make an ideal target?

  • http://twitter.com/DutchessPDX Dutchess

    Really? So your idea of bonding is insulting a race of people and categorizing Asians as being walking disease carriers? You must be lots of fun at parties.

  • http://twitter.com/DutchessPDX Dutchess

    Rather than showing your card and giving a medical excuse why not simply state “I would like to opt-out” it’s your right and losing the medical excuse it doesn’t give them any reason to make a comment.

  • Harry

    I don’t care for the digital examination by my doctor, but I can’t avoid that by walking through a machine.

  • http://twitter.com/DutchessPDX Dutchess

    Please explain how opt-outs are “slowing the line down” for everyone else. These secondary screeners aren’t people that would be manning other security stations. The people performing pat downs are there for that express purpose, secondary searches. So, please go on and tell me how I should go into a back-scatter machine that takes semi-nude photos of my body and has no independent studies on health risks (unlike the millions of studies on all the other items you mention) and tell me I should “think of the others” because it’s wasting your precious time.

    Perhaps the person who egotistically suggests everyone else should bend to the whim of an intrusive, ineffectual security machine because they can’t be bothered to have a moments patience while others are screened should be the one seeking the advice of a psychiatric professional.

  • harry

    Elliot, a “journalist”? why are comments with an opposing point of view deleted?

  • Harry

    you can’t fly a line of people into another target.

  • Saul B

    And you can’t take over a plane with locked and hardened cockpit doors and where passengers will no longer meekly put up with anyone making a scene.

    Your point?

    So if someone bombs the landslide area (see Moscow’s airport a few years ago) and kills scores, no problem?

  • harry

    oops, I was wrong. Would the court please strike my last comment from the record?

  • SoBeSparky

    Your ignorance is insulting to me–leveling a slur at me when the facts speak for themselves. See National Geographic, ”
    Flu Viruses Originate in Asia, Hitch Across Globe.” http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/04/080416-flu-migration.html

    There are numerous other citations on these facts also. Asia is the known incubator for North American flu viruses.

    You really should be banned for making scurrilous statements without any research or facts. I am tired of people guessing things without any basis in research or truth. Just spread lies.

  • http://www.facebook.com/judyserie.nagy Judy Serie Nagy

    The woman next to you in Orlando had a look of RAW TERROR? Terrified of a TSA inspection? God forbid there should be an emergency on the airplane, what would she do then? She should not be travelling by herself. The TSA procedures are annoying … not terrifying for gonnessakes. Please don’t slip into the sleaze-media mode, Chris.

  • Saul B
  • LeeAnneClark

    Wow. I’m just blown away that you talk about this stuff like it’s normal!

    These are low-paid, uneducated, ill-trained clerks. They have NO LAW ENFORCEMENT AUTHORITY over you. And yet you find it to me marginally irritating that one of them felt he had the right to ORDER you to sit? And you COMPLIED? And thought it was HILARIOUS?

    Wow. Just…wow.

    As for them “hating” it…yeah, well, maybe that’s the last shred of humanity in them, recognizing that sexually molesting innocent civilians is simply WRONG. Or, it could just be that they are uneducated, ill-trained low-wage workers who realize they are among the most hated people in America today. Either way, I sure as hell don’t want ANY of them touching my genitals!

    I have to say I find it disturbing that you find this whole thing amusing. I did NOT find it amusing when a brutish TSA screener shoved her thumb up into my vagina. I did NOT find it amusing when a TSA goon pressed so hard on my recent surgical wound that she made me cry out in pain. I did NOT find it amusing when a TSA brute squeezed my mother’s breast, 3 weeks after her breast-cancer surgery, until she cried out in pain. I did NOT find it amusing when a TSA thug made my mother wait for 45 minutes, refused to let her use the restroom, then SCREAMED at her for “pissing her pants” when she finally did the patdown and realized her trousers were damp.

    No. Not amused at all. But I’m glad you are getting such entertainment from this.

  • crash025

    I don’t know your whole situation. You should have filled a police report against them. I’m not a lawyer but that sounds like sexual assault, report and pursue it.

    As long as I’m just groped, I’m not over sensitive so I couldn’t care less. Its a biweekly massage, and it makes them hate life [which makes me happy]. See what irritates me as well is that I have to wear pants… now if they’d allow me to take off my pants while going through security, thered be no need for this whole silly waist band checking.

    On to their policy: They do ask if there are any sensitive areas or recent medical issues [sic]. If you’ve had surgery recently you must point it out to them.

  • harry

    Saul, you have confidence in your knowledge of risk/security. Why not apply for a job with the FAA, Homeland Security, the FBI… your expertise lacks credibility here. I do not mean that disrespectfully, but it is a matter of fact. I’ve got the rely upon the training and fact-based judgement of someone. Protection of individual freedom and dignity is terribly important, but so is the need to protect the flying public as well as those on the ground who might be victimized by falling debris. Seriously Saul, I am ok with the present, albeit imperfect, system. You are not. Become involved. Come up with a better solution. I’ll tell you this, there are- no doubt, terrorists who post comments to blogs such as this one, with the intention of stirring up opposition to the security measures that make the next attack more difficult. These issues Saul, are not just about you or me.

  • Pingback: Chris Elliott Pinpoints TSA Ways to Punish Op-Out Fliers

  • Flip44

    I had a happy happenstance when I checked in for my flite at the Minneapolis airport. An officer checked my ID and boarding pass. I noted the line in front of me for the full body scan was very long and moving slowly.
    Adjacent to that was the metal scanning line that was moving very rapidly: so I walked over to that line. I told the check in officer there my ID had been OK’d.
    Then SHE gave me the answer why I switched, “Oh, you are unable to raise your arms, right?”
    “Right.”

  • Saul B

    >> I’ve got the rely upon the training and fact-based judgement of someone

    You mean people like Michael Chertoff and the like who parlay from homeland security jobs to the private sector and then make a killing selling their wares back to the government?

    If you think that every move made by TSA leadership is about your security, I’ve got a bridge to sell you.

    And if you think these fora are teeming with terrorists looking to stir the pot to make their pending attacks easier, well … have a nice day, Harry.

  • harry

    Mr. Elliott, your editorial comment, “poorly tested full-body scanner”, might have a sound basis, but how are we to know that? It would have been helpful to have seen a counterpoint from TSA- for the sake of journalistic integrity. Just my humble opinion sir.

  • harry

    Saul, a troll on the internet could be anybody (but most are nobodys).

  • harry

    In recent months, we’ve seen unthinkable crimes carried out by unbalanced people. We need more security in this country, not less. Metal detectors are inadequate. We can’t stop every terrorist and mental case, but we can stop some. Our cooperation with security measures is part of the deal.

  • Saul B

    I fully agree, Harry.

    Before entering any movie theater, mall, classroom, office building, or public plaza where more than 100 persons are assembled, each citizen of this great country needs to go through a body scanner or an optional frisking. If things get really bad, we will hire more cops so that we approach a ratio of one cop for every two citizens, and enact random stops on the street to check the citizens out.

    Only then will we be free (from crime).

  • Shannon Stout

    I opted out at FLL on 12/28 and it was fine. Didn’t take too long and I didn’t feel violated (I’m female). I was annoyed, however, with myself and the policy, that I said I wanted to opt out because I was in a body scan lane. Immediately I noticed an electronic screener in the next lane but since I had already opted out, I had to go with the pat down.

  • LeeAnneClark

    Crash, there are literally THOUSANDS of reports of TSA gropes that were at least as sexually invasive as mine. Many people have tried to file reports. The police will not take them. The TSA is immune from prosecution. There are others who can explain why this is better than I can. But my assault was no different than thousands of others.

    As for pointing out my recent surgical wound, not only did I point it out but I begged them not to touch it. And the thug who screened me not only touched it, but RUBBED it and pressed on it so hard I cried out in pain, and was left in severe pain for hours.

    Same thing happened to my mother. She told the goon that she’d just had breast cancer surgery on her right breast, and that it was still tender. So which breast does the goon choose to devote her time to? The right one. She circled her hands completely around it, rubbing on the incision area, and then SQUEEZED it, like she thought explosives might pop out of it. My mother was in tears.

    There are literally hundreds of reports of the same thing happening. The TSA apparently uses the information of “sensitive areas” to enhance their screening of that spot. Based on the number of reports, this is not an anomaly, it’s a policy.

    Complaining does nothing. It changes nothing. You might get a generic, meaningless “apology” like you did, but…big deal! Nothing changes. I’ve been sexually assaulted twice. My mother has been physically abused twice. THOUSANDS of reports of similar abuse are received every year. Don’t believe me? Go check out http://www.travelunderground.org and look for the TSA abuse master list. These are not made up. These are real. What happened to me, and my mother, is real. And we have NO RECOURSE.

  • cjr001

    Pre Check doesn’t guarantee anything. People have tried to get into the program and cannot, for whatever silly reason. People find that the pre-check lanes aren’t open at airports.

    Or, the whole program is utterly useless because it does NOT guarantee that you won’t have to deal with the same worthless security that everybody else not paying for the program will be going through anyways.

    With Pre Check, you’re paying to MAYBE not get groped by TSA, and if you’re at the wrong airports, you’re getting irradiated regardless.

  • cjr001

    Those who do not study history are doomed to repeat it.

    So maybe it’s time you read up on those ‘misquotes’ yourself and – regardless of who said them – why they were said in the first place.

  • http://twitter.com/DutchessPDX Dutchess

    AND your racist remark is insulting to me. Please show me in your studies where it says that only Asian people can carry that flu virus. I can’t see in a single context that mentioning a person’s race is pertinent to weather they’re generally healthy or unhealthy people.

    I could show you studies that say most pedophiles are men, would another version of your idea of “bonding time” be “look at all these men around here I don’t want you to use gloves that touched a pedophile.”

    What’s more disturbing than your blatant racism is your complete lack of ability to recognize it. You disgust me.

  • Abused in Vegas

    I am the guy that Chris wrote about a few months ago, who was bullied and had a hand slammed into my testicles, not once, but TWICE because I wasn’t moving fast enough, or wanted to keep an eye on my expensive laptop and tablet. I was polite and non-threatening and I was continually shouted at, and received all the treatment Chris writes about above, because I opted out. The intimidation and abuse is REAL. Stop kidding yourselves about it. The only thing that prevented a physical response from me to that TSA agent was that I was traveling with my girlfriend, didn’t want a scene or miss my flight. It was abusive and incredibly humiliating. I hope it never happens to you.

  • cjr001

    “We need more security in this country, not less.”

    All hail, harry, another fan of the police state.

  • http://www.facebook.com/geoffrey.millstone Geoffrey Millstone

    I have been advised that the X-Ray is 100, yes 100 times stronger that a dental e-ray. My wife had breast cancer, her Oncologist says no way to the scanners. For the normal 1 or 2 times a year traveler, it may make no difference, but we travel 5-10 times a year, and that may just be too much exposure.

  • GrantRitchie

    Hi Harry,
    We never delete anyone for simply having an opposing point of view. When you see a delete, it’s because it contained a threat, over-the-top obscenity, or some sort of psychotic rant. We allow a lot.

  • Saul B

    >> a threat, over-the-top obscenity,
    >> or some sort of psychotic rant

    Kind of like the murmurings of TSA Administrator John Pistole

  • Sasha

    Last week I opted out at JFK. I did this because 15 people in front of me were allowed to go through the old school metal detector, then it was my turn and they herded me to the full new scan. I opted out. I then stood there as my bags and computer and purse were left unattended on the other side of security. for 25 mins. i told the person that my bags were out for anyone to take and he said “there are cameras everywhere.” Unfortunately, those cameras don’t have legs to chase after the person who subsequently was rifling through my purse. I watched this from the other side of security and started shouting at the person to put down my bag, this was the same time when the female assist was walking over. She then started yelling at me “stop yelling at me, I didn’t make you opt out and wait” i was clear and said ” i wasn’t yelling at you at all, i was yelling at the person who just went though my purse.” She then walked away saying “i can’t search her with her attitude like that!” Then when she finally came back 15 mins later with a supervisor to take me to my frisk, i had 2 supervisors talk to me telling me how safe these machines were. Extensively. My tax dollars are paying for this nonsense, wasting time talking to passengers. Meanwhile at LAX they had these insane machiines for over a year that I travelled through and then took them out of service after they realized they released too much radiation. After I heard that I decided that I wont be going through any of these new machines because the gov’t is so quick to rush them into service that they don’t do reserach until its too late. What I learned is that I have to hold my baggage until I get a female assist, then I will put my bags through. Moreover, I will say I am pregnant and don’t feel comfortable and my doctor told me not to go through them, that way when the supervisors lecture me on how safe they are, I’ll say I have a fetus to care for and if I can’t eat soft cheese I’m sure as heck not going to radiate that baby.

  • SoBeSparky

    Unfortunately you do not understand English syntax nor usage.

    Pedophile refers to people. It is a noun. A rock cannot be a pedophile. Asian as an adjective refers to one of the seven continents. It is a location. There are Asian rocks, Asian flu, and Asian food.

    I used Asian as an adjective, as National Geographic and many other sources have reported on the scientific proofs that virtually all influenza strains in North America originate about nine months earlier somewhere in Asia, a continent. Therefore, the flu virus is Asian in origin, just like wine from Burgundy is French wine and imported steel-cut oats are usually from Ireland, so they are Irish Oatmeal.

    My quote is a suggested line to convince the TSA personnel to change gloves: “You know, there is a lot of Asian and that rat flu going around with these passengers. No one wants to get that crap. Could you please change your gloves?”

    I have proved that virtually all North American flu viruses originate in Asia, This is scientific. There is nothing racist whatsoever. Further, many waves of flu viruses over time have been officially named “Asian flu.”

    If I were to intend to imply something racist, the sentence would read, “You know there ARE a lot of AsianS carrying flu going through this airport,” a completely different–and wrong–concept. Note that Asian is a noun in this racist example, wherein in my actual quote it is an adjective to the prepositional object “flu.”

    There is no hair splitting here. This is common American English usage. It is not optional or discretionary. To communicate we have rules, and one of the most common involves the differences between nouns and adjectives. Calling the flu Asian is no more racist than calling diseases tropical. Just because a person lives in the tropics does not imply at all that they are diseased. It only says that in the tropical weather zone the diseases tend to thrive. It does not say, “You know there are a lot of people from the tropics who are diseased…” I never even hinted that Asian people had the flu, only that nonspecific “these passengers” (presumably in the screening area) might be carrying types of flu.

    Before you type a response, you should be certain you understand what you have read. If you do not understand, then perhaps a friend can help you.